CUPRINS
FOREWORD 7
ARGUMENT 9
I. FUNERARY RITES AND RITUALS IN THE ROMAN WORLD 11
II. APULUM. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING 17
III. EARLY BEGINNINGS OF URBAN LIFE AT APULUM 19
IV. HISTORY OF RESEARCH IN THE NORTHERN CEMETERY 27
IV.1. The 1981–1985 excavation results (authors: George Bounegru, Gheorghe Anghel, Ioan Alexandru Aldea, Cloșca L. Băluță, Radu Ciobanu, Horia Ciugudean, Vasile Moga, Alexandru Popa, Ioan Șerban) 28
IV.2. Recent research in the northern cemetery 30
V. FUNERARY RITES 33
V.1. Cremation graves 34
V.1.1. Ustrinum cremations 35
V.1.2. Bustum cremations 36
V.2. Inhumations 37
VI. GRAVE GOODS 39
VI.1. Notes on coinage deposition in graves 40
VI.2. Food offerings 44
VI.2.1. Pottery 45
VI.2.1.1.Wares for liquids 46
VI.2.1.2.Vessels for half-liquid or solid foods 50
VI.2.1.3. Ritual vessels 51
VI.2.2. Conclusions on pottery grave goods 53
VI.3. Lamps (lucernae) 54
VI.4. Terracota/ Toys 55
VI.5. Adornment objects and dress accessories 56
VI.5.1. Hairpins (aci crinali/ comatoria) 56
VI.5.2. Brooches 58
VI.5.3. Beads 63
VI.5.4. Pendants, amulets (amuletum). 64
VI.5.5. Bracelets 67
VI.5.6. Rings (anulae) 68
VI.5.7. Earrings (inaures) 70
VI. 6. Pieces of military equipment 71
VI.6.1. Cingulum hooks 73
VI.6.2. Cingulum buttons 74
VI.6.3. Appliques 75
VI.6.4. Strap end fittings 76
VI.6.5. Shield boss 76
VI.7. Iron objects 78
VI.7.1. Iron key (clavus) 78
VI.7.2. Knives 79
VI.8. Glass objects 81
VII. MONUMENTS 85
Stone sarcophagi 87
Monument fragments 87
VIII. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE FUNERARY RITES AND RITUALS IN THE NORTHERN CEMETERY AT APULUM, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE 1981–1985 EXCAVATION CAMPAIGNS 89
APPENDIX 1: CATALOGUE OF GRAVES (authors: George Bounegru, Gheorghe Anghel, Ioan Alexandru Aldea, Cloșca L. Băluță, Radu Ciobanu, Horia Ciugudean, Vasile Moga, Alexandru Popa, Ioan Șerban) 99
APPENDIX 2: LATE ROMAN ARTIFACTS FOUND IN THE STRATUM OR IN LATE CONTEXTS 123
APPENDIX 3: CATALOGUE OF THE MONUMENTS FOUND IN THE 1981–1985 CAMPAIGNS 127
APPENDIX 4: IDENTIFIED COINS 131
ABBREVIATIONS: 133
BIBLIOGRAPHY: 135
INDEX 147
REZUMAT 153
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 159
PLATES 161
